Should Prostitution Be Legal - 1150 Words

When the chance to pick an arguable topic arose I chose one that has been particularly sensitive within my own group of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancement allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within the establishment and it is completely legal. Protection for working women should exist across the board, not just for the select few. An article in The Business Insider gives seven reasons on why prostitution should be legal in all fifty states of America. These reasons include: 1) It Would Reduce Violence Against Women. 2) Legalization Would Make Sex Workers Healthier. 3) Prostitution Is Arguably A Victimless Crime. 4) Legal Prostitution Can Be A Source Of Tax Revenue. 5) Legal ization Could Save Precious Law Enforcement Resources. 6) Legal Prostitutes Could Get Labor Rights. 7) Prostitution Isn t Going Away Anytime Soon. I personally would like to focus on just a few examples to better support the articles argument. With reason one â€Å"It Would Reduce Violence Against Women† is a simple and straight foreword example within itself. As of today women are the primary victims of assault upon regular encounters, but when a prostitute is involved it becomes slightly different. When aShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesShould prostitution be legal? Prostitution has been around for decades. Since 1780 BC the legalization of prostitution has been a controversial topic. Prostitution is the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money.† Prostitution. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Many claim that is one of the oldest professions. If this is one of the oldest professions why is it still illegal? So many people have different opinions on the issueRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many benefits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreProstitution: It Should Be Legal 1431 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the work of a prostitute: the act of having sex in exchange for money† (cite). Underneath this definition is one that follows as, â€Å"the use of a skill or ability in a way that is not appropriate or respectableâ €  (cite). Prostitution is a pressing matter in the United States and, as one can assume after reading the second definition given, implicated negatively throughout society. Many view this topic in an undesirable mannerRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution has existed in history since before most people can remember. In our time, prostitution is hotly debated as to whether it should be a professional working job, or whether it is immoral and oppressive to women. This debate has existed since the dawn of time, and there is still no clear answer. Society demands that police should stop certain illicit activities from happening in their neighborhoods, but should law enforcement be made to waste their time and effort to arrest those thatRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1157 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Prostitution in Brothels Throughout America When someone says prostitution, the first couple things that probably come to mind are grimy girls that have ruined their lives with drugs sitting on a couch cracked out with a man they just met. Prostitutes are looked at as whores who cannot sustain a real career so they are forced to sell their bodies for sex. The prostitution industry is essentially just like any other service industry. The worker charges his or her customer for a serviceRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prost itution is stillRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A human body is a temple; we should love it and respect it.† How often have we come across those people who sell their bodies, so-called temples and have been termed as â€Å"prostitutes?† Prostitution can be defined as the profession of getting involved in sexual activity with someone and to get paid back in return. Sex and sex-related issues have always been the matter to be hidden, and the civilized people are considered to be not speaking about it at all. Despite the fact, none can escape it ourRead MoreProstitution Should Not Be Legal1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of prostitution, most of us will readily agree that it is wrong as it portrays a negative image on women. Where this agreement usually ends, however, it is whether or not it’s a negative outcome. Whereas some are convinced that prostitution should be legal, others maintain that it should stay illegal becau se of moral intuitions. I disagree that prostitution should be legalized because it’s a form of slavery. Here are many feminists would probably object that prostitution is an utterlyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1371 Words   |  6 PagesKayla Beaty College Success Professor Jernigan 02/04/2015 Prositution in the U.S For my paper I chose the topic â€Å"Prostitution In the U.S† I picked this topic because I feel as if there’s a lot to discuss about the subject itself. Prostitution in my eyes, should be illegal in all parts of America. I feel as if the crime itself is degrading not only to women, but the families of those involved that choose to commit these acts. My personal opinion, going more into detail is that I grew up viewing

The Maternity Benefits Act Free Essays

THE MATERNITY BENEFITS ACT, 1961 BY SUSHMA SUDHINDRA 1. OBJECTIVE To regulate the employment of women in certain establishment for certain period before and after child-birth and to provide for maternity benefit and certain other benefits. To provide healthy maintenance of pregnant women employee and her child 2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Maternity Benefits Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now APPLICABILITY Every factory, mine or plantation(including those belonging to Government) To every shop or establishment wherein 10 or more persons are employed 3. TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT No employer shall knowingly employ a woman in any establishment during the 6 weeks immediately following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage. No woman shall work in any establishment during the 6 weeks immediately following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage. No pregnant woman shall, on a request being made by her in this behalf, be required by her employer to do any work which is of an arduous nature or which involves long hours of standing or which in any way is likely to interfere with her pregnancy or the normal development of the foetus, or is likely to cause her miscarriage or otherwise to adversely affect her health. The period referred to in sub-section (3) shall be – (a) at the period of 1 month immediately preceding the period of 6 weeks, before the date of her expected delivery; (b) any period during the said period of 6 weeks for which the pregnant woman does not avail of leave of absence. 4. PAYMENT OF THE MATERNITY BENEFITS Every woman shall be entitled to, and her employer shall be liable for, the payment of maternity benefit at the rate of the average daily wage for the period of her actual absence i. . immediately preceding and including the day of her delivery and any period following that day. The average daily wage means the average of the woman’s wages payable to her for the days on which she has worked during the period of 3 calendar months immediately preceding the date from which she absents herself on account of maternity, [the minimum rate of wage fixed or revised under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (11 of 1948) or ten rupees, whichever is the highest]. PAYMENT OF THE MATERNITY BENEFITS No woman shall be entitled to maternity benefit unless she has actually worked in an establishment of the employer from whom she claims maternity benefit, for a period of not less than 80 days in the 12 months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery provided that the qualifying period of 80 days aforesaid shall not apply to a woman who has immigrated into the State of Assam and was pregnant at the time of the immigration. For the purpose of calculating under the sub-section the days on which a woman has actually worked in the establishment [the days for which she has been laid off or was on holidays declared under any law for the time being in force to be holidays with wages] during the period of 12 months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery shall be taken into account. PAYMENT OF THE MATERNITY BENEFITS The maximum period for which any woman shall be entitled to maternity benefit shall be 12 weeks of which not more than 6 weeks shall precede the date of her expected delivery provided that where a woman dies during this period, the maternity benefit shall be payable only for the days up to and including the day of her death: Provided further that where a woman, having been delivered of a child, dies during her delivery or during the period immediately following the date of her delivery for which she is entitled for the maternity benefit, leaving behind in either case the child, the employer shall be liable for the maternity benefit for that entire period but if the child also dies during the said period, then, for the days up to and including the date of the death of the child. 5. CONDITIONS FOR CLAIMING BENEFITS Must actually work for 80 days in 12 months immediately preceding her date of Delivery. Should intimate the employer 7 weeks before her delivery date about the leave period. Can take advance payment for 6 week leave before delivery Can take payment for 6 week leave after child birth within 48 hours after submitting the proof. 6. PAYMENT IN CASE OF DEATH OF THE WOMAN If a woman entitled to maternity benefit or any other amount under this Act, dies before receiving such maternity benefit or amount, or where the employer is liable for maternity benefit , the employer shall pay such benefit or amount to the person nominated by the woman in the notice given and in case there is no such nominee, to her legal representative. 7. PAYMENT OF MEDICAL BONUS Every woman entitled to maternity benefit under this act shall also be entitled to receive from her employer a medical bonus of 25 rupees, if no pre-natal confinement and postnatal care is provided for by the employer free of charge. 8. LEAVE FOR MISCARRIAGE In case of miscarriage, a woman shall, on production of such proof as may be prescribed, be entitled to leave with wages at the rate of maternity benefit for a period of 6 weeks immediately following the day of her miscarriage. 9. LEAVE FOR ILLNESS ARISING OUT OF PREGNANCY, DELIVERY, PREMATURE BIRTH OF CHILD, OR MISCARRIAGE A woman suffering illness arising out of pregnancy, delivery, premature birth of child or miscarriage shall, on production of such proof as may be prescribed, be entitled in addition to the period of absence allowed to her under section 6, or, as the case may be, under section 9, to leave with wages at the rate of maternity benefit for a maximum period of 1 month. 10. NURSING BREAKS Every woman delivered of a child who returns to duty after such delivery shall, in addition to the interval for rest allowed to her, be allowed in the course of her daily work 2 breaks of the prescribed duration for nursing the child until the child attains the age of 15 months. 11. DISMISSAL DURING ABSENSE OR PREGNANCY (1) Where a woman absents herself from work in accordance with the provisions of this Act, it shall be unlawful for her employer to discharge or dismiss her during or on account of such absence or to give notice of discharge or dismissal on such a day that the notice will expire during such absence, or to vary to her disadvantage any of the conditions of her service. 2) (a) The discharge or dismissal of a woman at any time during her pregnancy, if the woman but for such discharge of dismissal would have been entitled to maternity benefit or medical bonus referred to in section 8, shall not have the effect of depriving her of the maternity benefit or medical bonus: Pro vided that where the dismissal is for any prescribed gross misconduct the employer may, by order in writing communicated to the woman, deprive her of the maternity benefit or medical bonus or both. (b) Any woman deprived of maternity benefit or medical bonus or both may, within sixty days from the date on which the order of such deprivation is communicated to her, appeal to such authority as may be prescribed, and the decision of that authority on such appeal, whether the woman should or should not be deprived of maternity benefits or medical bonus or both, shall be final. (c) Nothing contained in this sub-section shall affect the provisions contained in subsection(1). 12. NO DEDUCTION OF WAGES IN CERTAIN CASES No deduction from the normal and usual daily wages of a woman entitled to maternity benefit under the provisions of this Act shall be made by reason only of – (a) the nature of work assigned to her by virtue of the provisions contained in subsection (3) of section 4 : or (b) breaks for nursing the child allowed to her under the provisions of section 11. 13. APPOINTMENT OF INSPECTORS The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such officers as it thinks fit to by Inspectors for the purposes of this Act and may define the local limits of the jurisdiction within which they shall exercise their function under this Act. 14. POWERS AND DUTIES OF INSPECTORS An Inspector may, subject to such restrictions or conditions as may be prescribed, exercise all or any of the following powers, namely: (a) enter at all reasonable times with such assistants, if any, being persons in the service of the Government or any local or other public authority as he thinks fit, any premises or place where women are employed or work is given to them in an establishment, for the purposes or examining any registers, records and notices required to be kept or exhibited by or under this Act and require their production for inspection; (b) examine any person whom he finds in any premises or place and who, he has reasonable cause to believe, is employed in the establishment: Provided that no person shall be compelled under this section to answer any question or give any evidence tending to incriminate himself: (c) require the employer to give information regarding the names and addresses of women employed, payments made to them, and applications or notices received from them under this Act; and (d) take copies of any registers and records or notices or any portions thereof. 15. POWER OF INSPECTOR TO DIRECT PAYMENTS TO BE MADE (1) Any woman claiming that maternity benefit or any other amount to which she is entitled under this Act and any person claiming that payment due under section 7 has been improperly withheld, may make a complaint to the inspector. 2) The Inspector may, of his own motion or on receipt of a complaint referred to in subsection (1), make an enquiry or cause an inquiry to be made and if satisfied that payment has been wrongfully withheld, may direct the payment to be made in accordance with his orders. (3) Any person aggrieved by the decision of the Inspector under sub-section (2) may, within thirty days from the date on which such decision is communicated to such person, appeal to the prescribed authority. (4) The decision of the prescribed authority where an appeal has been preferred to it under sub-section (3) or of the In spector where no such appeal has been preferred, shall be final. 5) Any amount payable under these sections shall be recoverable as an arrear of lane revenue. 16. FORFEITURE OF MATERNITY BENEFIT If a woman works in any establishment after she has been permitted by her employer to absent herself under the provisions of section 6 for any period during such authorized absence, he shall forfeit her claim to the maternity benefit for such period. 17. ABSTRACTS OF ACT AND RULES THERE UNDER TO BE EXHIBITED An abstract of the provisions of this Act and the rules made there under in the language or languages of the locality shall be exhibited in a conspicuous place by the employer in every part of the establishment in which women are employed. 18. REGISTERS, ETC. Every employer shall prepare and maintain such registers, records and muster-rolls and in such manner as may be prescribed. 19. PENALTY FOR CONTRAVENTION OF ACT BY EMPLOYERS If any employer contravenes the provisions of this Act or the rules made there under he shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to three months, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both; and where the contravention is of any provision regarding maternity benefit or regarding payment of any other amount and such maternity benefit or amount has not already been recovered, the court shall in addition recover such maternity benefit or amount as if it were a fine, and pay the same to the person entitled thereto. 20. PENALTY FOR OBSTRUCTING INSPECTOR Whoever fails to produce on demand by the Inspector any register or document in his custody kept in pursuance of this Act or the rules made there under or conceals or prevents any person from appearing before or being examined by an Inspector, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to 500 rupees or with both. 21. PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN IN GOOD FAITH No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of this Act or of any rule or order made there under. 22. POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO GIVE DIRECTIONS The Central Government may give such directions as it may deem necessary to a State Government regarding the carrying into execution the provisions of this Act and the State Government shall comply with such directions. 23. EFFECT OF LAWS AND AGREEMENTS INCONSISTENT WITH THIS ACT (1) The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law or in the terms of any award, agreement or contract of service, whether made before or after the coming into force of this Act: Provided that where under any such award, agreement, contract of service or otherwise, a woman is entitled to benefits in respect of any matter which are more favourable to her than those to which she would be entitled under this Act, the woman shall continue to be entitled to the more favourable benefits in respect of that matter, notwithstanding that she is entitled to receive benefit in respect of other matters under this Act. (2) Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to preclude a woman from entering into an agreement with her employer for granting her rights or privileges in respect of any matter, which are more favourable to her than those to which she would be en titled under this Act. QUESTIONS Thank You!!! How to cite The Maternity Benefits Act, Papers

Eamples of a woman leader free essay sample

What does it mean to be a leader today? Do you think that only certain women are destined for a leadership role? There are three core qualities to leadership: authenticity, self-expression, value creation. â€Å"Authenticity† refers to a link between the inner and the outer person. Truly authentic leaders are open to both their gifts and their underdeveloped qualities. People who understand who they are then to have a more powerful voice—and to make a more profound contribution to an enterprise. (LaBarre, 2004) I believe that Erin Brockovich has these three qualities of leadership and is a women we should look up to as her story was turned into an inspirational motion picture that illustrates that even an ordinary human being can succeed in life if they have enough drive and willpower. With her back against the wall, her only option was to push forward and fight for her familys survival. It was her curiosity that led to the tipping point in her life, but most importantly, her determination, hard work ethic, and perseverance allowed her to prove to people in her life that she was capable of making a difference in today’s society. Erin takes pride in the work she does. She relies on her gut instinct and holds her ground. Her self-awareness is more accurate than not as she knows she has made mistakes in her past and she knows she has not been the best judge of character for her children. But above all she holds herself accountable and lives with a high level of integrity. Doing the right thing at all times is important to Brockovich and her leadership values and vision express that. Brockovich was able to bring out significant change in her employer and all parties involved in the PGE law suit because she displayed drive, purpose, and the eagerness to learn. Her hard work, dedication towards the case, and her willingness to never give up inspired people around her to keep fighting for what was right. Her leadership vision stems from her need to prove herself. Erin doesn’t have a college education but as the film shows; with confidence and persistence, any goal can be achieved. For some reason, many women are afraid to display confidence and assertiveness-perhaps they worry that it can be mistaken for arrogance-unlike their male counterparts who embrace it. And we all know, of course, that confidence is one of the big factors contributing to successful leadership. (Cohen, 2010) Erin had the confidence in herself when she first met with the stuffy women lawyer who was underestimating Erin’s abilities and criticizing her work for not having all the pieces. But in the end, the stuffy lawyer performed poorly because she did not know how to relate with the clients. She, unlike Erin, did not have the social or interacting skills to be attached to their clients. Erin earned their trust and was really affected and concerned with the welfare of the victims involved. The stuffy lawyer had no compassion or concern to the residents but was more focused on the fact that they were fighting against a big corporation. Erin’s personal values and vision allowed her to bring out a significant change in people around her, and as a result people began to follow her. Erin’s interest and passion to dig deeper into the PGE case eventually developed into the largest direct-action lawsuit in history. This case highlights the true leader inside Brockovich as her values and personal vision enhanced the case and transformed her into a booming, intelligent, and trustworthy leader. The leadership style, competencies, influence tactics, and communication strategies that Brockovich developed turned her life around and simultaneously made a difference for all the families affected in this legal case. Brockovich used the sources of power at hand to be successful and she developed more sources of power as the movie and case progressed. Her listening skills allowed her to develop as a leader and gain further investigation regarding the law suit. In the end she proved that sometimes the hardest thing to do and the right thing to do are one in the same. She believed that good things come to those who work hard. I believe that Erin’s leadership style is transformational because people did not follow her because of who she was but because of what she believed in. Erin didn’t have a clue about what it took to be a lawyer and from the movie she definitely didn’t dress appropriately for this legal profession. The one thing that she did have was a big personality with a straight forwardness attitude and profane language, but at the same time I saw that she had a tender and motherly side to her. Erin was able to build trust with people and make deposits into their â€Å"Emotional Bank Account†. An Emotional Bank Account is a metaphor that describes the amount of trust that’s been built up in a relationship. When the trust account is high, communication is easy, instant, and effective. (Covey,2010) However, she displayed relentless drive and purpose towards the law suit against PGE and throughout the process she increased her capacity to learn, manage tasks, and increase her self-awareness. These competencies transformed her into a leader. While unconventional at times, Erin used the resources at her disposal to acquire the things she needed. For example she combined her appearance of being an â€Å"attractive’ woman and her detachment from the legal field to get access to evidence at the water department and local university. She was so successful at getting evidence that Ed Masry her employer, and attorney began to believe in her capabilities. As Ed began to believe in her, you saw that her coworkers at the law office did as well. As the case grew larger, Brockovichs passion and capacity to learn expanded. She was able to understand the politics of the legal field and developed a substantial amount of legal knowledge in the process. She already gained the trust of her employer but she also began to gain the trust of the people in the community which allowed her to bring out significant change in her followers. For the first time in her life, she felt that people respected her and listened to what she had to say. Power and influence are two critical aspects to the success of Erin Brockovich. From the onset, she had zero expert power and had no legal experience. But she used what little leverage available to her to get what she wanted. Another example would be that Erin’s charm and friendly character allowed her to organize the entire community around the law suit. Her ability to connect with the families in the law suit is crucial to her success. The power came from her ability to build trust with the community, and to give consultation to those affected, and exchange a promise to those affected by PGE that she would make things right. Once Brockovich gained evidence and knowledge about the case, other sources of power began to surface. For example, when Ed learned that there was indeed a case against PGE, she used the information she had as leverage and negotiated with him to get a pay raise with benefits. She knew that she had something that Ed needed and she quickly capitalized on her ability to reward herself for the work she had done. She also used reward power to renegotiate her return to the law firm and on the law suit. When Brockovich organized the community around the law suit she was discovering more and more evidence, she was developing her own expert power. She may have not been an attorney, but she knew more about the case than any other attorney involved and she used her knowledge and expertise to make people listen to her, and eventually they did listen to her. Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage your emotions in positive and constructive ways. It’s about recognizing your own emotional state and the emotional states of others. Emotional intelligence is also about engaging with others in ways that draw people to you. (Segall, 2009) Brockovichs emotional intelligence made her very influential and she successfully created a positive emotional tone with the people in the community as she connected with the needs of others families within the other communities. Erin was brave and courageous to push through with all the hard research she was doing with going door to door interviewing families, and persuading the 634 plaintiffs to go along, with the evidence that was only examined by a judge without a jury. With doing that she was determined to not only solve the case but also to help the residents of the community and the families that she connected herself to. She inspired the families affected by PGE to stand up for what is right. She gave consultation to families who had nearly given up. Brockovich was influential because more than anything else she was authentic. She was so passionate about the case because she truly cared about the community, not because she was an attorney looking to make an easy buck. I could tell that Erin was taking the case seriously, deeply concerned with others even if her family was being neglected. This was the first time she really worked hard to achieve something. Brockovichs communication competency developed throughout the movie and law suit. At first, Brockovich was bold, had little charm, and was impatient. However, she learned to listen, the first example was to her boyfriend George after being fired, and then to the people in the community. Brockovich learned that her tone and choice of words were significant towards getting what she wanted, whether it was with her boss Ed, with other attorneys involved with the case, or with the people in the community. As she learned to listen, she began to ask questions and influence other peoples thinking. One of the important lessons that Erin learned was that people just wanted to be heard. For example, she expressed self-control and patience at the end of the movie when she met with the man at the bar about working at PGE. In the beginning she was not patient with the man nor took the time to listen to him as she thought he was peculiar, if she did take the time the outcome of the case would have been much different. Erin proves that leaders need to know the difference between right and wrong, and must contain the art of persuasion, the determination to see things through, courage of conviction, and most of all, heart. The Social Change Model of Leadership Development consists of seven critical values: consciousness of self, congruence, commitment, collaboration, common purpose, controversy with civility, and citizenship (Astin, 1996). Erin has these seven values throughout the entire movie. The scene that offers a lot of these values is when Erin is trying to convince lawyer, Ed Masery, to take on the expansion of the case against PGE. He is reluctant at first but with her persuasion, and her persistence he finally agrees that it’s the right thing to do. Erin is conscious of herself and her values in this scene as she has learned that PGE is poisoning people and her values are not allowing her to ignore it. With that, she is being congruent with her actions by trying to convince Ed that expanding the case is the right thing to do. Collaboration is apparent in this scene because she is asking for the assistance of Ed to represent the other families in the lawsuit. Since she is not a lawyer, she needs Ed’s assistance to succeed and vice versa. Erin and Ed have a common purpose, and that is to expand the PGE lawsuit. Controversy with civility occurs in this scene because Erin is not afraid to call Ed out on not wanting to work a little harder. They have a brief argument but they manage to talk through it and reach the common goal of expansion. And lastly, citizenship is very apparent in this scene as well. Erin pours her heart out about the well-being of the citizens and her willingness to work harder and put more effort in to creating a better society for them. Servant leadership is leadership in which the leader transcends self-interest to serve the needs of others, helps others grow, and provide opportunities for other to gain materially and emotionally (Daft, 2008). Erin is a great example of servant leadership. She will not gain anything if the people of Hinkley have poisonous or safe water, she is doing this all for them to gain better health and money to compensate for all of their medical bills. Yes, she is getting a paycheck out of it but she invested so much time and energy when she could have been doing the bare minimum at a different job. She chose to further investigate the case and convince Ed to expand it because she knew the difference between right and wrong and wanted justice to be served on behalf of the citizens of a town she didn’t even live in. It is clear that Erin Brockovich contains all seven components of this model, which have clearly outlined her leadership development for the greater good. The steps in ethical decision-making are as follows: 1. Stop and think, Clarify goals, 3. Determine facts, 4. Develop Options, 5. Consider consequences, 6. Choose, 7. Monitor and modify (Josephson, 2002). These seven steps are shown in this short scene as well. First Erin thought of all of the possibilities. Then she realized that convincing Ed to expand the lawsuit is her goal. They determined the facts that it would be a hard case, PGE is a huge company, and they would need more evidence. After that, Erin stated the options to either let it go, knowing that PGE is poisoning and harming people or fight for justice. Ed stated that PGE could bury them in paperwork and appeals and put them in debt. Finally after careful thought they decided to expand the lawsuit despite all the possible consequences and Ed proceeds to tell Erin to modify her research to prove PGE are aware that they were poisoning and harming people. There are many ethical traps shown in this movie. The town of Hinkley is faced with the decision of whether or not they want to go to trial with or without a jury. This would mean that the judge’s decision is final and an appeal would be out of the picture. Many of the residents are torn because they realize if they win the case with a jury, PGE would appeal it and it could be dragged out for years. Since most of them need money now, they decided to take their chances and hope for the best. There are six pillars of character that describe an ethical leader: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship (Josephson, 2002). One scene that depicts these six characteristics in Erin Brockovich is in the end when she gives Donna Jensen the news that PGE was had settled for $338 million with $5 million going to Donna’s family. At this point, she has proven her trustworthiness. Erin promised she would fight until they won and this scene pulls it all together and proves that her word is one to be trusted. She has proven that she is a reliable person that people can depend on in a moment of weakness. This scene also shows the respect she has for all the families affected by this. She respected Donna too much to just call or send her a letter stating the outcome. Instead, she personally delivered the message of the win with her boyfriend George as she wanted to show him how he helped these families by taking care of her children. She put her heart, sweat, tears, and time into this case because she truly cared about these families. This scene shows just how much she cared by the huge smile on her face when she tells Donna the good news. We see her sense of responsibility of what she has done what she was going to do, and that was winning the case on behalf of her clients. All of the hard work she was responsible for had now paid off in this scene where she gets to tell Donna that they have won the case. It is not even a question whether or not Erin is a caring person. Citizenship is proved in this scene because she is getting involved with something bigger than herself and this is the scene where it all pays off. Erin Brockovich proves that leaders need to know the difference between right and wrong, and must contain the art of persuasion, the determination to see things through, courage of conviction, and most of all, heart. Against all odds, she stood up for what she believed in and made a difference. She led a town and a group of lawyers in a lawsuit that served justice. Erin may not be your textbook leader but she showed that a leader could come from all different backgrounds. As long as you take the proper steps and confidence in yourself, and what you are trying to accomplish, anyone can be a leader. Overall, Erin had her heart and mind in the right place and succeeded because she knew the difference between right and wrong and fought for it. Erin did her work and gained the respect and following to be able to assume her position as a leader.

Success Secret A High Emotional IQ Essays - Life Skills

Success Secret: A High Emotional IQ This article keys in on a different type of intelligence called emotional intelligence. Psychologist Daniel Goldman wrote the book titled "Emotional Intelligence" in 1995. Emotional intelligence Consist of: self -awareness, impulse control, persistence, confidence and self -motivation, empathy And social deftness. Coleman has published a later book on this topic, which is the sequel titled "Working With Emotional Intelligence''. The book zeros in on how these qualities of emotional intelligence can make or break a persons career. We are all being judged everyday where out in the world, either by our bosses, co-workers, family, or friends. So in fact, it is very important we stay on top of our performance and the way we carry ourselves. Most corporations today look for communication skills, interpersonal skills, and initiative skills in a person all those things have to do with emotional intellect. There are actual course that are designed to help people strengthen the weakness that a person has Within themselves. For instance, Weatherland School of Management at Case Western Reserve University has developed one. Most people that take the course show an 86% improvement. There Are even follow-ups three years later and the percentage is still high. Through my eyes emotional Intellect does mean a whole lot more than book smarts. Your own life experiences and what you've Learned from them makes you who you are inside. For example if a person does three years in prison, And comes out they should have learned a lot. They will now be more aware of how they are carrying Themselves on a daily. They will have come from a side of life where freedom was robbed from them So in fact, they will appreciate life more and be more patient about things. It is all about how you Carry yourself through life, not how much you know in those made up books. If your not aware of Yourself than who will be. It's your mind, body, and soul it's only right that you are knowledgeable Of those three elements of yourself. If your not fully aware of them than you won't see the real Potentials within yourself.

Working in the Health Sector Essay Example

Working in the Health Sector Essay Example Working in the Health Sector Essay Working in the Health Sector Essay Essay Topic: Health The job role of a midwife is to provide advice, care and support for women and their babies during pregnancy, labour and the early postnatal period. They help women make their own decisions about the care and services they access. Their responsibilities are wide ranging and include; caring for new-born children, providing health education and parenting support immediately after delivery, until care is transferred to a health visitor. Midwives are personally responsible for the health of both mother and baby and only refer to obstetricians if there are medical complications. They work in multidisciplinary teams in both hospital, and increasingly, in community health care settings. Midwives do a multitude of duties, all the while adhering to hospital policy and maintaining an awareness of issues such as health and safety, examples of these duties are; diagnosing, monitoring and examining women during pregnancy, developing, assessing and evaluating individual programmes of care, providing full antenatal care, including screening tests in hospital, in the community and at home. Midwives identify high risk pregnancies and make referrals to doctors and other medical specialists, they arrange and provide counselling and advice before and after screening and tests. They offer support and advice following events such as miscarriage, termination, stillbirth and neonatal death. They supervise and assist mothers in labour, monitoring the condition of the foetus and use knowledge of drugs and pain management, they give support and advice on the daily care of the baby including breastfeeding, bathing and making up feeds. Midwives liaise with agencies and other health and social care professionals to ensure continuity of care. Throughout their careers they engage in professional development to meet PREP requirements, and they participate in the training and supervision of junior colleagues. To become a midwife, you need to have a minimum of five GCSEs at grade C or above, typically including English Language/Literature and a science subject and either two or three A Levels or equivalent. Some trusts run cadet schemes which can lead to entry onto a pre-registration programme in midwifery. These are increasingly being replaced by apprenticeships. You need to do an approved degree in midwifery at University to become a midwife. You need certain personal qualities to be a midwife and these include; Having an understanding and caring nature. Having the ability to get on well with people from a wide range of backgrounds. Having emotional and mental strength. Having good observational skills. Having the ability to act on your own initiative. Having patience and tact. Being mature. Having a willingness to take responsibility. Having the ability to cope with distressing situations and to remain calm in stressful situations. Being able to counsel and having listening and general communication skills which are essential. Having excellent people skills. Having the ability to inspire trust and confidence. Having respect for the needs of families from a variety of different cultures. Having strong teamwork skills and the initiative to work alone. Having physical and mental stamina. Most newly-qualified midwives move quickly to permanent posts within health and social care with potential to progress within their career to clinical specialists, consultant midwives, practice and development roles, quality assurance or management roles. On the career framework midwives are a level 5, this is the level most registered practitioners in their first and second post-registration/professional qualifications jobs. Midwives usually work 37. 5 hours per week, including evening, weekend and night shifts and they can work in various places including hospital maternity units, GP surgeries, Midwife led Units and Birth Centres. In some hospitals/NHS Trusts you would split your time between working in the community and working in hospitals, or rotate between antenatal, delivery and postnatal tasks every 6 months. The job role of a nurse is to plan and provide medical and nursing care to patients in hospital, at home or in other settings who are suffering who are suffering from both chronic and acute physical or mental ill health. The responsibilities of a nurse include; assessing and planning nursing care requirements, providing pre and post operation care, monitoring and administering medication and IV infusions, taking patient samples, pulses, temperatures and blood pressure. Nurses write records, supervise junior staff, organizing workloads, provide emotional support to patients and relatives and tutor student nurses. Currently these are no national minimum academic entry requirements into nursing courses so every Higher Education Institute sets its own criteria. You will need a minimum of five GCSEs at grade C or above, plus two or three A Levels or equivalent to get onto a degree course. To become a nurse, you need to have completed a degree in nursing. Aswell as these academic requirements to be a nurse you must possess these personal qualities; Excellent people skills Good verbal and written communication skills Good observation skills. Ability to answer questions and give advice. Be happy to work as part of a team. Be able to deal with emotionally charged situations Have care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment. Good health and fitness. Resilience Stamina Nurses usually work a standard 37. 5 hours per week, this is worked in a variety of ways depending on the role and location, it is usually morning, noon or nights shift rotations, and depending on the availability of registered nurses overtime might be required. Both nurses and midwives must be registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, this is a prerequisite of employment and practice, and must maintain their registration by meeting the NMC’s post-registration education and practice (PREP) standards. Not meeting these requirements will cause registration to lapse and you will not be able to work as a registered practitioner. There are two separate PREP standards that affect registration, these are the PREP continuing of professional development (CPD) standard and the PREP (practice) standard. . M1: Assess how a health worker can contribute to providing a positive experience for users of health services. Midwives having excellent people skills contributes to providing a positive experience for service users because having babies happens to all sorts of people, so being a midwife you would be providing professional support and reassurance to a huge diversity of women, during some of the most emotionally-intense periods of their lives. Being able to communicate and get along with people from all walks of life is essential. For example; a mother from a different country doesn’t speak English very well, if the midwife just didn’t make as much effort at conversation with this lady, the lady might feel left out, slightly isolated. Whereas, regardless of the language barrier the midwife still made an effort to converse with the lady, the lady would have a more positive experience. Nurses and midwifes require similar education up until their university courses, their training and knowledge contribute to providing a positive experience by learning about equality, diversity and individual’s rights within a health and social care setting. Their knowledge of how diversity benefits society in general and the NHS in particular means that they respect everyone as individuals. Nurses and midwives understanding laws surrounding human rights, the Equality Act Etc. hanges their methods of providing care in a way that is focused on providing a positive experience for all service users. Nurses and midwives have to register with the NMC, this contributes to providing a positive care experience for service users because they know the people they have looking after them have to keep up to date on their personal and professional development in order to carry on practicing, that they have a council they are accountable to and that first of all being registered means that the NMC have approved them as a registered nurse or midwife. A midwife’s competency in her field contributes to providing a positive experience for service users because a midwife is the most frequent point of contact for parents-to-be and so must be able to answer their questions, share their knowledge and skills with patients, their families and friends and make sure their needs are recognized by the rest of the care team, this means efficiently sharing information with other professions within the multidisciplinary team, ensuring continuity of care. Care base values contribute towards providing a positive experience. These are values such as; having the right to choice, this could be something as simple as having a choice between different food options, clothes to wear, pain relief†¦etc. A pregnant lady has the choice to make a birth plan, where she can choose where to have the baby, in a pool, hospital or at home, she can say which pain relief she would prefer or none at all. This makes her time as a service user a positive experience because she’s had the choice and control. risk assessments, these are important and necessary under law and they help healthcare workers to identify and problems that could occur and take steps to minimise the risks. This contributes towards a positive care experience for both the professional and the service user, ensuring their protection and safety. Staff being trained regularly contributes to providing a positive experience for service users because all the knowledge needed is kept fresh in the professional’s mind, keeping them up to date on new legislation, policies and procedures, keeping them competent. Consultations with patients to discuss what to do going forward, to inform and give professional advice contributes to providing a positive experience because the service users feel informed, they can have their questions and queries answered and it’s a time for them to gain reassurance where available. Patient confidentiality helps to provide a positive experience because service users can be assured that their information is being kept secure and only those who need to know can access their records. Promoting equality, diversity and individual’s rights means that everybody is treated with dignity and respect, they have equal access to medical care wherever needed helping to eliminate discrimination. This provides a positive experience for service users because regardless of age, gender, sexuality, race, culture, religion they are being treated with the same respect and dignity as anybody else. Personal hygiene contributes to providing a positive experience for service users because being hygienic is a professional requirement as a healthcare worker and being or seeming unclean, untidy would not inspire trust and confidence in a service user. Pulling the curtains around the cubicle helps to protect the service user’s privacy, which makes them feel like they are being treated with dignity and respect and sensitivity, contributing towards a positive experience. 1. D1: Evaluate the requirements of healthcare workers in relation to the provision of a competent workforce for the health sector. A personal attribute necessary for healthcare workers is empathy. Tania Singer, an expert from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences wrote â€Å"in order for there to be empathy a person would have to see that another was in pain, and share in that pain, while knowing that it’s not their own emotion. However, empathy isn’t intrinsically good and pro-social†¦ Empathy is a precursor to compassion, but too much of it can lead to antisocial behavior. † This means that it is possible to be too empathetic and when this happens within the health sector it means that too much empathy can make the workforce not competent. However, empathy can change you, it can grant you perspective, wisdom and equip you for future challenges. A healthcare worker would need to have the right balance in order to work competently and contribute to a competent workforce. Another personal attribute essential for healthcare workers is reliability. In order to have a competent workforce, the workforce needs to be a team and so reliability is really essential. Nurses need to feel confident that they can rely on the nurse she/he is handing over to, this confidence comes from reliability. For example, a lot of healthcare workers on shift rotation and poor punctuality not only effects the patients but the other healthcare workers in your team. Being reliably punctual not only refers to turning up on time for shifts and handovers but completing your tasks on time. For example; taking patients samples efficiently and competently in reasonable time so that the patients aren’t waiting longer than necessary while not making them feel rushed or an inconvenience. Colleagues need to be able to rely on you to make the whole process run as smoothly as possible, contributing towards a competent workforce. In conjunction to being reliable as part of a team, a lot of healthcare workers if not all work in multi-disciplinary teams. Being able to work alongside people from different sectors and specialties effectively, contributes towards a competent workforce. When you can communicate with all members of your team to ensure continuity of care for patients or service users you are not only contributing to the overall competency and efficiency of your team but contributing towards a positive care experience for all. However, when working with people from different specialties and sectors it is not uncommon to find those who think greater of themselves, this brings about problems and conflict and can disrupt the competency of the workforce when there are people who are most productive when they can work well together but instead the relationship is forced and tense. Training and education for healthcare workers is constantly updated and adjusted and monitored to ensure that all healthcare workers are getting the most relevant and important education to their job role. No matter what path that is chosen or healthcare role that is taken, all workers in the health sector have had the same basic training on care values, equality, diversity and individual’s rights. Everybody is trained and educated on how discrimination has no place in the NHS or elsewhere and the effects discrimination has on service users, ways of promoting equality, diversity and individual’s rights in a health and social care setting. This training that every healthcare worker takes means that the entire workforce is built upon the same foundational principles of providing high quality care and positive care experiences. This contributes towards a competent workforce because everybody shares the same values and can help to ensure everybody upholds them. Although everybody is trained and educated on these topics some people cannot put their prejudices aside, it is a weakness of this blanket education that it can’t target and change the mindsets of those who may have grown up with discrimination and prejudice being accepted, who then may carry that on throughout their work life. A colleague being accepting of discriminatory practice would be detrimental on the competency of the workforce as it is a colleague’s duty to report this. Continuing professional development or CPD is a requirement for nurses and midwives to stay on the register to practice. CPD means that throughout their working lives healthcare workers continuously expand on their knowledge and assess ways they could do their job better. This is important to contributing towards a competent workforce because all employees are keeping up to date with relevant education and qualifications, constantly ensuring they are doing their jobs to the best of their abilities, it increases their knowledge, experience and understanding and helps towards improving their job performance. However, although CPD is a requirement that is monitored for some branches of healthcare workers, it is not always followed up or monitored for some. It is also costly and not all employers can afford the latest training and educational courses for all of their employees. Knowledge of record keeping procedures help contribute to a competent workforce because efficiently and properly written patient records are accessed by other, future healthcare workers that are involved with the patient or service user. If the records are not legible, don’t have enough detail, are not relevant or appropriate it is going to have an effect on how the healthcare worker works with their patient. If all records are written and kept following the same policy and procedure for writing patient records all future healthcare workers who work with that patient benefit from the same necessary standard of record. This creates a competent workforce because with knowledge of these policies and procedures, the workforce all work to the same standard and patients benefit from this. A weakness of the policies and procedures of record keeping, all be it to ensure efficiency, is that a guideline is to not be excessive, however sometimes being what others might deem slightly excessive could be one healthcare worker noting something of what seems like small significance at the time, but then another healthcare worker who accesses the records when providing services to that patient in the future could recognise it as a signpost. Possibly the beginning of depression or another mental illness, where then it wasn’t significant enough to be diagnosable, now this healthcare worker can see it has progressed and take necessary action. Overall I think there is a balance to everything, too much empathy can be detrimental to the individual and therefore to the workforce and its competency, strict guidelines and policies can ensure standards are being met, but do they also allow for some things to go unnoticed, personal development is beneficial and necessary with a sector that is constantly evolving but when new qualifications and medical procedures come about does everybody have access to gaining this knowledge in regards to cost and time. There are so many personal attributes and other factors that help to make a competent workforce but also a workforce is made up of diverse individuals from all walks of life who won’t all have the exact same personal attributes or educations and yet everybody will in some way contribute towards providing a competent workforce.

All About Halifax, the Capital of Nova Scotia

All About Halifax, the Capital of Nova Scotia Halifax, the largest urban area in Atlantic Canada, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia. It sits in the center of Nova Scotias east coast and is an important seaport that looks out over one of the worlds largest natural harbors.  Its been strategic militarily since its founding for just that reason and is nicknamed Warden of the North. Nature lovers will find sandy beaches, beautiful gardens, and hiking, birding, and beachcombing. Urbanites can enjoy the symphony, live theater, art galleries, and museums, along with a lively nightlife that includes brewpubs  and a great culinary scene. Halifax is a relatively affordable city that provides a mix of Canadian history and modern living, with the constant influence of the sea. History The first British settlement that became Halifax began in 1749 with the arrival of about 2,500 settlers from Britain. The harbor and the promise of lucrative cod fishing were the main draws. The settlement was named for George Dunk, Earl of Halifax, who was the main supporter of the settlement. Halifax was a base of operations for the British during the American Revolution and also a destination for Americans loyal to Britain who opposed the Revolution. Halifaxs remote location hindered its growth, but World War I brought it back into prominence again as a shipping point for supplies to Europe. The Citadel is a hill overlooking the harbor that from the citys beginnings was  valued for its view of the harbor and surrounding lowland and was from the start the site of fortifications, the first being a wooden guard house. The last fort to be built there, Fort George, stands as a reminder to the historical importance of this key area. Its now called Citadel Hill and is a national historic site that includes re-enactments, ghost tours, changing of the sentry and walks around the inside of the fort. Statistics and Government Halifax covers 5,490.28 square kilometers or  2,119.81 square miles. Its population as of the 2011 Canadian census was 390,095. The Halifax Regional Council is the main governing and legislative body for the Halifax Regional Municipality. The Halifax Regional Council is made up of 17 elected representatives: the mayor and 16 municipal councilors. Halifax Attractions Besides the Citadel, Halifax offers several interesting attractions. One not to be missed is the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, which includes artifacts from the sinking of the Titanic. The bodies of 121 victims of this tragedy in 1912 are buried in Halifaxs Fairview Lawn Cemetery. Other Halifax attractions include: Pier 21: Canadian Museum of ImmigrationProvince House, the Legislative Assembly of Nova ScotiaArt Gallery of Nova Scotia Trans Canada Trail Halifax Climate Halifax weather is strongly influenced by the ocean. Winters are mild and summers are cool. Halifax is foggy and misty, with fog on more than 100 days of the year, especially in spring and early summer. Winters in Halifax are moderate but wet with both rain and snow. The average high temperature in January is 2 degrees Celsius, or 29 degrees Fahrenheit. Spring comes slowly  and eventually arrives in April, bringing more rain and fog. Summers in Halifax are short but beautiful. In July, the average high temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, or  74 degrees Fahrenheit. By late summer or early fall, Halifax may feel the tail end of a hurricane or tropical storm.

The Oil Spill in The Gulf of Mexico Research Paper

The Oil Spill in The Gulf of Mexico - Research Paper Example This phenomenal and epic oil spill tragedy has remained so potentially capable of every single soul around the globe that no one is oblivious to the negative consequences it produced. This paper presents a thorough discussion particularly related to the infamous oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that affected many and is still continually affecting the Gulf despite many human efforts made at a global level. Both short and long-term effects of this astoundingly horrific man-made disaster are scrutinized and results are presented in this paper backed up with recent research reports regarding the disaster. Myriad efforts made to control the mass destruction caused by the oil spill are also highlighted and discussed in the paper in special relation to the differences made by those efforts, and their contribution to the restriction of the devastation. The worst ever disaster that could be imagined by anyone turned into a reality-based incident when a semisubmersible offshore drilling rig ca lled Deepwater Horizon exploded in the Gulf of Mexico and got engulfed in indescribably horrendous flames before sinking in the deep waters in 2010. Immediate casualties reported following the incident did not appear to be do large as to wreak disastrous havoc in the surroundings and the rest of the world. About 17 turned out to be injured out of 126 people who were on board and 11 are still reported to be missing who are presumed to be dead now. (Raines). This presumption is based on the viewpoint that those missing ill-fated workers must be within immediate vicinity of the unpredictable explosion, as a result of which they remained incapable of finding an escape. The Deepwater Horizon did not immediately sink in the Gulf after the dreadful explosion, rather it remained afloat for almost two days engulfed by fiery flames and leaving behind plumes of thick black smoke that were phenomenal enough to be seen from space as well as the smoke plumes were reported to be more than many mil es long. The real disastrous reality was discovered some two days after the Deepwater Horizon had sunk in the Gulf. No person could imagine that the explosion of the oil drilling rig would lead to worst imaginable consequences concerning the casualties reported initially. It was only after the discovery was made regarding thousands of barrels of oil being dumped surreptitiously on daily basis into the ecosystems of the Gulf of Mexico that the real devastating consequences of the oil drilling rig explosion came to limelight. The story would definitely have ended with the sinking of Deepwater Horizon had it not been for the technical defect in the riser structure of the oil drilling rig that is meant for connecting the rig with the well. After the discovery was made about the daily loss of thousands of oil barrels in the water, immediate concerns regarding the Gulf’s ecosystems created a wave of pandemonium around the globe and a seemingly ended story turned into a vibrant live ly disaster in full swing. The oil leakage presented a major problematic and intricate issue because researchers reported that even with the use of the best and latest scientific technology like using sophisticated robots for detecting the bedrock of the problem, the oil leak effect could take months to be suppressed and finished forever. The catch-22 faced by the US Coast Guard

International marketing - PowerPoint Presentation

International marketing - - PowerPoint Presentation Example Product strategy is an important part of marketing strategy. It discusses the methodology regarding launching and presentation of a product in some specific market. It also concentrates which population should be the target consumers and how these products can be reached to these consumers. "Product Strategy is perhaps the most important function of a company. It must take in account the capabilities in terms of engineering, of production, of distribution (sales) existing in the company or of time to acquire them (by hiring or by mergers)." (Febcm.club) Furthermore, product strategy discusses how the consumers can be motivated for using a specific product dropping the products of competitors and rival companies. â€Å"Marketing plan for a product based on the characteristics of the target market, market share objectives, desired product positioning within the market, and profit objectives. Strategic plans for a product are based on decisions regarding the four ps (product, place, pr ice, and promotion), financial targets and budgets, and tactical plans.†(Answer.com). Since the world has turned into a global village, the great companies have started launching their products at international markets. The Nike Women is also one among such great brands. The company focuses on the following points while making product strategy regarding overseas markets: The products are made and launched to fill the gap in the market as well as provide the consumers with the variety of products all over the globe. The contemporary global market offers the consumers variety of choice in all products. Being the marketing leader of women attire products, Nike Women presents its products in different varieties and for various age groups. The Company always sticks to high quality product while preparing its commodities. It does not make any compromise on high quality, which is the sign of its

Hearts and Minds Essay Example for Free

Hearts and Minds Essay Movies and documentaries have a way of touching the lives of many. For the most part, they are geared towards the exhibition of truths that are hidden from other people. The documentary, â€Å"Hearts and Minds†, mirrored the numerous difficulties experienced by the Vietnamese in the hands of the American soldiers. The harsh realities shown by the American soldiers towards the Vietnamese was quite difficult to believe, for we all know how the Americans would care for any other individual. Directed by Peter Davis, the documentary showed different clips that prove the harsh attitude towards people at that time. Even the speech of former President Lyndon Johnson was shown in the said documentary. To give people a great feel of the said timeline, much of the most famous details during that particular time were shown. The type of music, clothes, and even some old archives were shown. In this manner, it would become easier for the audiences to understand what was being explained to them. I admire the montage feeling provided by the documentary. Together with the voice over, watching the documentary was like watching any other historical how. However, what sets it apart from the rest were the heartbreaking realities exhibited. I could not help but wonder as to how people were treated unfairly and how other people could bear causing pain to others. One of the scenes that caught my attention was the funeral of a soldier. Surrounding the coffin were grieving people, including the family and friends. However, for some reason, one grieving lady was stopped from following the coffin being laid to rest. This particular scene was contrasted with a clip showing the interview of the general who led the Vietnam War. Furthermore, there were several other interviews included in the documentary. Although I am not of Vietnamese, origin I was heartbroken by the difficulties experienced at that time. For the longest time, they experienced pain, both physical and emotional, while they struggled to raise their families accordingly. A particular scene exemplified the hardships endured by the Vietnamese during that particular time. The scene showed how the prisoners of the war were sitting restless and not paying attention to what their employer had in mind. I felt pity with the condition these people experienced, toppled by the excessive torture and inhumane humiliations provided by the American soldiers. After watching the documentary, one could not help but question what has been taught in class during our younger days. I was surprised at how the outcome of this war has been, including the participation that the American soldiers portrayed. However, due to the extensive information provided, some critics may also form their own conclusion as to how the said war was used as propaganda. On the other hand, it would be expected that some people would opt to be biased towards the Vietnamese and consider them to be victims of the American occupation. Regardless of everything that has been said, I believe that we all have our own perceptions towards things. Personally, I believe that the goal of this film was to show the other side of history that not everyone was aware of. In this manner, I would be able to form my own beliefs as to how people would be able to learn from these hurtful experiences. It is useless for us to keep on living in the past—we should all move forward in helping make a different in this lifetime. I must say that I recommend this film to everyone, especially those who are currently studying about the history of the United States.

Franks Landing Essay -- Sociology, The Nisqually Culture

Fishing and hunting have been at the core of many American Indian cultures like the Nisqually since precontact. Indian hunting, fishing and gathering were conducted then—as they are now—not for sport, but for food and for a livelihood. This was well understood by the early colonists and later by the U.S. government. Thus, many of the treaties (e.g., Medicine Creek, 1854) negotiated between the federal government and Indian tribes in the nineteenth century contained provisions guaranteeing rights to hunt and fish. In the trea ¬ty negotiated by Isaac Stevens, the tribe ceded to the U.S. some of the Nisqually vil ¬lages and prairies, but Article Three reserved the tribe’s right to fish â€Å"at all usual and accustomed grounds and stations†¦in common with all citizens of the Territory.† (FL 12) But the growth of the European American population, and with it the proliferation of fenced lands, the destruction of natural habitat, and often the destructi on of wildlife itself, drastically curtailed the Indians' ability to carry on these activities. Charles Wilkinson’s thesis declares that the â€Å"messages from Frank’s Landing† are â€Å"messages about ourselves, about the natural world, about societies past, about this society, and about societies to come.† (FL 6) Billy affectionately described his homeland (the key component of â€Å"peoplehood† i.e., the Nisqually watershed on South Puget Sound of the Nisqually River, creeks (Muck Creek), rolling prairie and forestland as well as the foothills of the Cascades Mountains and Mt Rainier) as â€Å"a magical place† where his family â€Å"never wished for anything: fish from the water ¬shed, vegetables up on the prairie, medicines, shellfish, and huckleberries†¦clean water, clean air.† He describes the arrival of L... ...s preferred by them or by the state.† In 1974 Judge Boldt ruled that a â€Å"fair share† meant Indian fishers are entitled to half (50%) of the harvestable catch of salmon. (FL 50) After a short-term negative backlash, the long-term result has been cooperation between federal, state and tribal governments over fish harvests and resource management since the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Boldt decision in U.S. v. Washington (1980). (FL 50) Billy’s commitment to his traditional way of life did not end with the stunning Boldt decision. (FL 56)He became chairman of the North ¬west Indian Fisheries Commission in order to â€Å"speak for the salmon† on behalf of treaty tribes in Western Washington. Under his leadership, and through his exceptional skills as a negotiator, the tribes gained a reputation for being unsurpassed in their abilities as natural resource managers.

Herbal Market

MALAYSIA HERBAL MARKET Currently, the value of global herbal market for nutraceuticals is at USD 70 billion and USD 20 billion for phytomedicines with an average growth rate between 15 to 20 percent annually. While the Malaysia herbal market is valued at RM 4. 55 billion 0f which 90 percent of the raw material used was imported. It is with this potential in mind that Malaysia’s herbal industry can be one of the agriculture Entry Point Projects under the National Key Economic Areas in the Economic Transformation Programme.According to the Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar, Malaysia's fast growing herbal industry is expected to contribute about RM2. 2 billion to Gross National Product (GNP) by 2020. While the world market for herbal products is expected to exceed RM2 trillion by 2020 from RM777 billion in 2009, the local herbal market was likely to grow 15 percent annually from RM7 billion in 2010 to about RM29 billion by 2020. Moreover, Malaysia h as been listed as the 12th most biodiversity nation in the world and ranks fourth in Asia.We have over 15,000 flowering plants and over 3000 species of medicinal plants in our rich biodiversity tropical rainforest. Of these about 200 are being used as herbal remedies and approximately 50 species are commonly used in traditional medicine preparation. Furthermore, Malaysians quite familiar for the uses of herbal products as our multi-ethnic communities have been practicing traditional medicine with herbal plants for centuries. In rural area, some of them still use poultices, myriad brews and pastes derived from herbal plants or used it for the purpose of physical ailments and beauty treatments.Therefore, upon realize the significance of herb, our government had given financial support to research work related to herbs in term of Intensified Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) grants, the focus areas by the National Biotechnology Directorate, as well as other grant schemes. For example, RM25 million had been allocated by the government for a local company to conduct clinical research on Tongkat Ali in order to securing approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).Our government also support the effort that try to make halal pharmaceutical products being proved by the Halal standard for the pharmaceutical industry in order to protect the interests of Muslim consumers and all consumers in general the world over. Not only these, certain implementations also have been taken in view of turning Malaysia into a global herbal producer. World Health Organization (WHO) consistently reported that 80% of the world’s population depends on herbal medicine. There also a growing trend of people moving from synthetic allopathic drugs to herbal cures.This is because consumers realize the importance of health versus diseases, the changes in lifestyle, the growing of synthetic medical cost, and the growing knowledge of consumers about traditional medicines. Many co nsumers have known that the effective of herbal cures are the results of thousands years of herbal healing framework development through practise and error, observation, analysis and study. Moreover, there have been some high profile natural based cures such as Taxol plant for breast cancer and the Bintangor plant for AIDS.In order to achieve the goal stated in the previous paragraph, the highest standard of manufacturing should be included to be able to compete in terms of quality, safety, efficacy, pricing, and branding of products, as well as efficient distribution network and meeting international health certification standards. We also need to increase the domestic consumption by strengthen the domestic demand for Malaysian health foods and medicine besides reduce reliance on imported medicine, according to the speech by TAN SRI NOR MOHAMED YAKCOP.The ministry of health also has been diligently monitoring the herbal products in the market as well as conducted random sampling of herbal products to ensure that the standards of these products remain the same as the specified standards registered by the manufacturers. Notable markets for Malaysians herbal producer are USA, Europe, China, Japan and the Middle-east countries. This is important to ensure that our herbal product to penetrate the global export market.

Christology of Jesus in the Book of Colossians Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As hints from the book’s internal evidences point (Col.1:4, 23; 2:1), the church at Colossae was not founded by the Apostle Paul, but rather the fruit of one of his associates’ labor – namely, Epaphras. His words like â€Å"we heard of your faith,† â€Å"the gospel which you heard,† and â€Å"for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh,† indicate clearly that these people to whom he was writing were known by him only through means other than himself. Nevertheless, they are close to him since they are the result of Eparhras’ bringing of the Gospel in their place (Aid to Bible Understanding 1971). Epaphras was Apostle Paul’s son in the faith much like Timothy and Titus. He had come to know the Lord through the preaching of Paul in Ephesus and eventually carried the message with him back to Colossae and the result was the founding of the church there. Like any father would feel of significant accomplishments of his son, the Apostle was exhilarated simply by reflecting on such achievement wrought by his son in the faith (Henry 1998). Indeed, it’s quite a feat. To the eyes of a true apostle of Christ who have grasped the vision of the Lord of the harvest, nothing more and none else bears the mark of indisputable success than the authentic surrender of previously rebellious sinners to the Lordship of Jesus (Walvoord & Zuck 1997). The church in Colossae is yet another landmark to the progress of the Gospel and the advancement of the kingdom of God as well. In Biblical perspective, this is true success. This letter, therefore, was Paul’s response to the report he received from Epaphras regarding the spiritual condition of the Colossians. The details of the report, however, are not thoroughly positive. Concurrently, the whole scenario was one of good prospects, with regard to what they are already enjoying being in Christ, and the possibility of some of them being dragged away to religious nonsense because of the presence of false teachers among them who actively engaging them into a kind of doctrines that sidetrack them from the right focus. These false teachers are so subtle in their approach that caught the Colossians off guard. The presence of these cultic teachings in their midst brought them to a situation that is very dangerous, and Paul had to write to them a polemic on the fundamentals of the Person of Christ and what He achieved on the cross for them (Duncan p.1 â€Å"The Incomparable Christ†). Historical & Cultural Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is interesting to note that Phrygians are one among the many peoples present in Jerusalem during the Feast of Pentecost at the time when the promised Holy Spirit descended upon the first band of disciples in the upper room (Acts 2:10). These people were there at the very center of God’s activity when He was mobilizing His first band of missionaries to reach the first of the target geographic spheres – Jerusalem. Earlier, Jesus pronounced that his disciples would become His witnesses in â€Å"Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.† At the brink of this massive missionary activity, a people who would eventually become direct beneficiaries of an apostolic letter were present – witnessing a poignant presentation of the gospel by Apostle Peter. The city of Colossae was once known to be a great city and was hailed by famed historic figures such as Alexander the Great and Herodotus. Both spoke, in their respective times, of Colossae as â€Å"a great city.† However, at the time of the writing of the Apostle Paul of his letter to the Colossians, the city was not as celebrated as Laodicea and Hierapolis (Smith The Letter To The Colossians, New Testament Introduction) in comparison. However, along with these greater Phrygian cities, Colossae was famed for its textile industry. In the ancient world, a variety of cloth called â€Å"Colossinum† with its purple wool was one of the exquisite that it was very much valued. Thus, Colossae was among the triad of known center of the textile industry. Geographically, it was positioned along the banks of the Lycus River, and was 160 kilometers travel to the east side of Ephesus. It’s easy to think of a Christian disciple from Ephesus to have gone to this nearby city to extend the gospel; and indeed, it might have been Epaphras who blazed the trail of evangelistic work there and probably since then holding the reins of pastorate there. Since Colossae was in the regions of Phrygia which was itself part of Greece, the population was naturally Phrygians, Greeks, and considerable number of Jews. In his book, â€Å"The Antiquities of the Jews,† Josephus Flavius recorded that during the reign of Antiochus the Great (223-187 B.C.), he banished into exile from Babylonia 2,000 Jewish families and relocated them into the districts of Phrygia and Lydia (Antiquities 12.147-153). The probability was high that the descendants of those Jews who immigrated there two centuries earlier, were without a doubt still living in the same region, and in Colossae particularly were rooted and settled by the first century A.D. Culture’s Influence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mixture of population in Colossae undoubtedly contributed to the difficulty in determining decisively what kind of philosophies or false teachings have crept into the fellowship of Christians at Colossae. The manner through which the problem is identified in the book makes scholars conclude that it was syncretism. Because these false teachers have never outrightly denied Christ in their instructions, if looked at the surface, they appear to be Christian teachers in the eyes of the new converts whose level of understanding of the Christian doctrines was at this time not yet thorough strong. False teachers used Christ only as their launching station to bring these people into the true substance of their belief. For example, it would only disturb the Colossians if these teachers uncunningly had presented themselves as Gnostics, or Judaizers, or some pagan gurus propagating their paganistic philosophies (Bauer et al. 1979). Therefore, they stealthily conducted themselves among Christians and apparently they have successfully injected some of the important features of their doctrines into the forefront among the biblical truths which the Colossians were previously oriented to focus their minds on, namely, the supremacy and sufficiency of Christ. Paul elaborated on the implications of everything that the Person of Christ stood for. From unveiling the majestic Person of Christ to the natural ramifications of what it means he went on in scrupulous details. The confusion that these false teachers created among the Colossian church was very dangerous that it threatens the very character of their identity as Christians (i.e. disciples who follow Christ’s teachings). And besides, it endangers the spiritual lives of the believers at Colossae. Gospel truths will lead to true godliness while half-truths or the Gospel mixed with other philosophical elements which are not found in Christ will always lead to the destruction of life in general. According to Paul, it’s not possible for them to practice Jewish religious rituals, and embrace paganistic beliefs and philosophies, and still retain the true nature of Christianity. As can be seen, the cultural background through which Colossians was written played a huge role on how Paul developed his themes in the book. They could not have escaped the applications of Paul’s teachings since he made everything clear to them. The structure of Gnosticism’s philosophy was based on presuppositions such as, God is the Supreme Being who is spirit and good in nature. He is the unnamed Father, and out of the core of His being flows a series of emanations/aeons or mediators, and the material world is evil. Reading Paul’s letter in the midst of a culture that is so familiar with the Gnostic teachings, one would not miss the images he was using and its implications (Shelley 1982 pp.52-54). To the things advocated by these Gnostics, like for instance, that they needed â€Å"mediaries† to be able to tap to that special wisdom which alone could be received from God, Christ is the â€Å"wisdom of God.† The advocacy of Jewish traditions which are also present and rampant among these believers were just as attractive as all these Hellenistic philosophies in that it lay claim to the very roots of Christianity (Gaebelien 1998). To those who find the arguments of Judaizers logically appealing, the Apostle would say: â€Å"They are but a shadow of things to come.† All of the legitimate practices of the people of God as sanctioned by the Old Testament Scriptures were all types and only a shallow of the real thing (Gill 2000). They all pointed to Christ and when Jesus came all of them were done away with because the whole substance of those things is Christ. And Christ was manifested in the flesh. To the Gnostic who does not believe in the incarnation of the Christ in literal physical body, Paul’s word is: â€Å"In Him (Jesus) dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily† (Col.2:9). To those Jewish Christians who constantly were being â€Å"Judaized† by the Judaizers wanting them to incorporate certain elements of their tradition, Paul’s message is: â€Å"You were circumcised by the circumcision of Christ.† He made it in the spirit â€Å"without hands.† â€Å"God has forgiven all your trespasses because Christ has wiped out everything that the righteous requirements of the law have been demanding from you.† Christ neutralized all the incriminatory proofs written in the Jewish canon that would declare Christians guilty, whether Jews or Gentiles, before the bar of God’s justice (Metzer 1975). In Paul’s own words, â€Å"He (Christ) has taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross† (Col.2:11-14). The Colossians were reminded of the all sufficiency of Christ (Wenham et al 1994). Overall Message of the Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since what is under attack is the very Person of Jesus Christ, and because this assault has far-reaching effects and naturally hit the Colossians at different fronts of their faith, Apostle Paul saw it necessary to concentrate his treatise on the Person and the work of Christ. For instance, as it was the assertion of certain teachers inside the church that the fullness of spiritual experience which until then had not been realized in their lives could be attained only through means other than Christ (e.g. worship of angels), Paul had to stress the distinctness and the exclusivity of the role of the second Person of the Godhead in salvation and in securing the fullness of experience of every believer in their relationship with God. The completeness and the comprehensiveness of Christ’s Person and work have covered everything that the Colossians could ever imagine. There is no angel, no religious practice/rituals, and no tradition could ever surpass Christ. Christ is supremely preeminent. The Colossians, contrary to what these false teachers wanted them to be convinced of with their teachings, has the fullness already in Christ. They needed only to realize this through the clear elaborations of an Apostle. Epaphras discovered the significance of this role of Paul, hence he asked for his reinforcement. During this time of the church’s history, Christ’s teachings were still significantly guarded by legitimate apostles. In Colossians 1:1, Paul opened his letter with this salutation: â€Å"Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God. . . to the saints and faithful brethren in Christ who are in Colosse. . . .† He has not yet by this time visited the church at Colossae and therefore has not known personally many of them. They might have heard of him though through Epaphras. And so, his first words reflect the assertion that what will follow are instructions coming from the one who has been sent directly and authorized by Jesus Christ himself. Paul said, â€Å"I am an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God.† This introduction stands in sharp contrast to the false teachers in their midst who go along professing to be spiritual elites who were privies to God, and possibly, Jesus. Therefore, the first few words of Paul are crucial and their force is carried through the entire letter. It bears the mark of apostolicity and hence it is not just an ordinary epistle. Paul was one of the privileged few in his time, like Peter and the rest of all the twelve authentic apostles, who had seen and were commission by Jesus personally. And at the time of his writing, there were many still living apostles who could attest to his claim, although it was not necessary. His apostleship was widely known among the first generation of Christians, and at Colossae, Epaphras was there as direct result of Paul’s apostleship – and the Colossians the indirect product of Paul’s commission. In setting forth very clearly the fact of his authority, what he had to say to them in this letter were not opinions or just lofty guesses coming from a person who mustered enough of his noble thoughts about Christ. His teachings were at that time the standard teaching of true apostles of Jesus (Clarke 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another paganistic element in the teachings of these false teachers was the contention that insights into spiritual powers – demonic powers – that could protect and shield the Colossians could be acquired through certain observances and rituals. In particular, rites that were thought of as effective in restraining the flesh from engaging even in legitimate use of the body in marriage between husband and wife, and lawful consumption of food and use of things were put forward as necessary for superior spirituality. Again, to battle these cultic emphases on the superficial appearance of spirituality among the Colossians, the apostle Paul presses over and over again the theme of Christ’s overall sufficiency. The absolute preeminence of Christ has overarching cosmic implications. To know Christ is to know God. To know Christ is to know the Creator who not only created the universe and all of the planets, but also by His power hold these things together (Col.1:15-20). If Christ is, as the Apostle’s Creed faithfully declares, â€Å"very God of very God,† then they have all good reasons to trust in Him alone. No religious leader should dare to compare Him to angels nor to spiritual mediaries because He Himself is God. â€Å"He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were created through Him and for Him† (Col.1:15-16). Themes of the Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the pressing concerns that had seriously affected the demeanor of the Colossians was their fear of the â€Å"stoicheia† – Greek word for â€Å"elementary principles.† The source of the heresy that Paul was battling among the Christians in Colossae was the philosophy that had successfully sneaked into their consciousness. It was very unfortunate to see an apostolic congregation being victimized by this philosophical nonsense (Balz & Schneider 1990). Paul would have to tell them in his letter of the utter rubbishness of what they are entertaining in place of Christ. They were playing with â€Å"philosophy† which amounts to â€Å"empty deception† because it comes from â€Å"the tradition of men† (Col.2:8). In the ancient times, stoicheia means many things. But basically, it means, as it is translated in English, â€Å"elementary instructions.† These include the physical elements like earth, water, fire, and wind. Also, the ancient people would have meant it to be â€Å"elemental spirits.† These elemental spirits are believed to be those powerful beings that control nature. These are evil spirits and therefore hostile in nature. They command the respect and allegiance of human beings because they rule over the fate of humans. They can cause â€Å"sicknesses, effect a curse, bring in poor crops, plagues, earthquakes, and natural disasters† (DeWaay â€Å"Colossian Heresy† p.1). The Colossians find this kind of teaching so attractive. Their problem however was that in this kind of hodgepodge religion, they had already fallen into idolatry from whence they had been delivered when they believed the Gospel. In the first chapter of Colossians, Paul established the reality of Jesus’ divinity. Jesus Christ is the one who is truly in control of the â€Å"elemental spirits† because He is in fact the Creator of everything â€Å"seen and unseen.† In Colossians 2:15, Paul presented Christ as one who through His death on the cross, â€Å"disarmed principalities and powers,† and by the power of His resurrection, â€Å"He made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them in it.† The culture where they happened to be living in has much influence on their lives that they never have suspected. This sinister influence had been there all along and just biding time, and had found the occasion through the false teachers. It was observed that this belief in â€Å"elemental spirits† had been characteristic of ancient Pagans and Jews. It could be that some of the initiates to the Colossian church were looking for help in Christian religion to avert the spell of stoicheia in their lives. This belief in â€Å"evil forces† in the air might even be their common background. They were brought up from this superstitious environment. Paul, therefore, had to remind them of what has transpired when they surrendered and have put their trust in Christ. They â€Å"died with Christ from the basic principles of the world† (Col.2:20). There’s the word â€Å"stoicheia† again. The Colossians should have totally forsaken any trace of this paganistic reservation. If Christ rules the universe, why fear the evils that these sinister spirits could inflict them? And if Christ is the Creator and for whom all things were created, including â€Å"invisible elements,† and all the spiritual hierarchy in the heavens, then He must be Supreme and Sovereign. The Colossians did not have to subject themselves to useless regulations. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The understanding of the Person of Christ is crucial to the establishment of the Christian’s faith. After this elaboration of Paul on the majesty of the Person of Jesus Christ in his epistle to the Colossians, there should be none any more room for any additives to the faith and practice of the Christian life. Christ’s Person and His redemptive work are sufficient source of unshakeable confidence. Thinking about the Person of Christ, of who He really is as portrayed by Paul in Colossians, how could possibly anyone who knows all these things concerning Jesus add to Him the philosophies of mere men? What is it there that innovative human beings can add to Christ? False teachers of Paul’s day would say that if one wanted to be freed from the dominion and powers of darkness, even if he or she has Christ already, there needed to be certain things to be added. To this, Paul would retort: â€Å"Christ has saved us from the powers of darkness and there’s nothing to be added. He is enough and we are complete in Him.† To look for â€Å"fullness† somewhere else and other than Christ is to doubt His Person. All things consist in Him and in Him all the fullness dwells. In Christ we received redemption and the forgiveness of our sins. Works cited: Anonymous.   1971.   Aid to Bible Understanding. Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. (Aid). Bauer, Walter; Arndt, William; Gingrich, F. Wilbur; Danker, Frederick.   1979. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Second Edition. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press. (BAGD). Balz, Horst and Schneider, Gerhard. 1990. Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. 2 Volumes.   Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. (EDNT). Barnes, Albert, Notes on the Bible. Electronic E-Sword Files.   E-Sword copyright 2000 – 2003 by Rick Meyers.   www.e-sword.net Beveridge, William A Short History of the Westminster Assembly. Revised, edited, and introduced by J. Ligon Duncan III. Greenville: Reformed Academic Press, 1993. Clarke, Adam.   Commentary on the Bible.   Electronic E-Sword Files.   E-Sword copyright 2000 – 2003 by Rick Meyers.   www.e-sword.net Duncan, Ligon. Christology, Soteriology, and Eschatology. Orlando: RTS Media Ministries, 1993. [with accompanying audio tapes].Ligon Duncan III. Greenville: A Press, 19911,    19932, 19943. Cunningham, William An Introduction to Theological Studies. Edited and introduced by J.Ligon Duncan III. Greenville:   Ã‚   A Press, 19911, 19932, 19943. DeWaay â€Å"Colossian Heresy† p.1. Retrieved   March 20, 2008 Douglas, J.D. and Comfort, Phillip.   The New Commentary of the Whole Bible: New Testament: Based on the Classic Commentary by Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown.   Electronic STEP Files.   Cedar Rapids, IA: Parsons Technology (JFB). Gaebelien, Frank, editor. 1998. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary.   Electronic STEP Files.   Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. (EBC). Gill, John.   Exposition of the Entire Bible.   Electronic E-Sword Files.   E-Sword copyright 2000 – 2003 by Rick Meyers.   www.e-sword.net Henry, Matthew.   1998.   Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible.   Electronic STEP Files.   Cedar Rapids, IA: Parsons Technology. Metzger, Bruce M. 1975. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament.   3rd Edition.   Stuttgart, Germany: United Bible Societies. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. Power BibleCD Version 3.3 Copyright 1999, 2000, 2001 Phil Lindner, Online Publishing, Inc. Shelley, Bruce. Church History in plain language. 1982 pp.52-54. Walvoord, John and Zuck,   Roy.   1997. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament.   Electronic STEP Files.   Cedar Rapids,   IA: Parsons Technology. (BKC). Wenham, G.J., Motyer, J.A., Carson, D.A. and France, R.T. 1994.   New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition. Downer’s Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. (NBC).